Science and research
Discover the science behind our innovative Duritect™ tests and read the research that informs and supports them.
How Duritect™ works
Duritect™ combines a simple blood test with advanced machine learning technology to assess a patient’s risk of having Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or Parkinson’s disease (PD), quickly and reliably.1,2
It utilizes the immune system’s unique yet consistent reaction to the presence of disease pathology by identifying specific autoantibodies in the blood as biomarkers of AD or PD.3-5
Learn more on this page
- How Duritect™ works
- Why use autoantibodies as biomarkers?
- The test workflow
- Research publications
A blood-based autoantibody test
Utilizing a patient’s immune system to determine their risk of having AD or PD3,6-8
Why use autoantibodies as biomarkers?
Early indicators
of disease
High sensitivity
and specificity
Subtype and
stage detection
Stability in
the blood
Efficiency
and accuracy
Minimally invasive and
cost-effective
The test workflow
Duritect™ measures serum levels of autoantibody biomarkers using protein antigen targets attached to magnetic beads. The tests run on a trusted and widely used technology for high-throughput analysis of biomolecules, including autoantibodies.1-3
sample collected
to laboratory
by laboratory
generated
delivered
View Duritect™ clinical validation data
Find out how our Duritect-AD™ and Duritect-PD™ tests perform in real-world patient samples.
Research publications
Read our peer-reviewed publications to understand the research that informs and supports our innovative tests.
DeMarshall CA, Viviano J, Emrani S, et al. Early detection of Alzheimer's disease-related pathology using a multi-disease diagnostic platform employing autoantibodies as blood-based biomarkers. J Alzheimer's Dis. 2023;92(3):1077–1091.
DeMarshall CA, Goldwaser EL, Sarkar A, et al. Autoantibodies as diagnostic biomarkers for the detection and subtyping of Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2017;309:51–57.
DeMarshall CA, Nagele EP, Sarkar A, et al. Detection of Alzheimer's disease at mild cognitive impairment and disease progression using autoantibodies as blood-based biomarkers. Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring. 2016;3:51–62.
DeMarshall CA, Han M, Nagele EP, et al. Potential utility of autoantibodies as blood-based biomarkers for early detection and diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Immunol Letters. 2015;168(1):80–88.
DeMarshall CA, Sarkar A, Nagele RG. Serum autoantibodies as biomarkers for Parkinson's disease: background and utility. AIMS Med Sci. 2015;2(4):316–325.
Nagele E, Han M, DeMarshall CA, Belinka B, Nagele R. Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease based on disease-specific autoantibody profiles in human sera. PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23112.
Han M, Nagele E, DeMarshall CA, Acharya N, Nagele R. Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease based on disease-specific autoantibody profiles in human sera. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e32383.
Goldwaser EL, Acharya NK, Wu H, et al. Evidence that brain-reactive autoantibodies contribute to chronic neuronal internalization of exogenous amyloid-β1-42 and key cell surface proteins during Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. J Alzheimer's Dis. 2020;74(1):345–361.
Acharya NK, Nagele EP, Han M, et al. Neuronal PAD4 expression and protein citrullination: possible role in production of autoantibodies associated with neurodegenerative disease. J Autoimmun. 2012;38(4):369–80.
Kheirkhah R, DeMarshall C, Sieber F, Oh E, Nagele RG. The origin and nature of the complex autoantibody profile in cerebrospinal fluid. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity-Health. 2020;2:100032.
DeMarshall C, Sarkar A, Nagele EP, et al. Utility of autoantibodies as biomarkers for diagnosis and staging of neurodegenerative disease. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2015;122:1–51.
Nagele EP, Han M, Acharya NK, et al. Natural IgG autoantibodies are abundant and ubiquitous in human sera, and their number is influenced by age, gender, and disease. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e60726.
Acharya NK, Levin EC, Clifford PM, et al. Diabetes and hypercholesterolemia increase blood-brain barrier permeability and brain amyloid deposition: beneficial effects of the LpPLA2 inhibitor darapladib. J Alzheimer's Dis. 2013;35(1):179–98.
Acharya NK, Goldwaser EL, Forsberg MM, et al. Sevoflurane and Isoflurane induce structural changes in brain vascular endothelial cells and increase blood-brain barrier permeability: Possible link to postoperative delirium and cognitive decline. Brain Res. 2015;1620:29–41.
DeMarshall C, Oh E, Kheirkhah R, et al. Detection of early-stage Alzheimer's pathology using blood-based autoantibody biomarkers in elderly hip fracture repair patients. PLoS One. 2019;14(11):e0225178.
Abbreviations and references
*Certified by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) and accredited by the College of American Pathologists (CAP).
References
- [Duritect-AD™. Indications for use. Durin Life Sciences. 2024.]
- [Duritect-PD™. Indications for use. Durin Life Sciences. 2024.]
- DeMarshall CA, Viviano J, Emrani S, et al. Early detection of Alzheimer’s disease-related pathology using a multi-disease diagnostic platform employing autoantibodies as blood-based biomarkers. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 2023;92:1077–1091.
- DeMarshall CA, Nagele EP, Sarkar A, et al. Blood-based biomarkers. Detection of Alzheimer’s disease at mild cognitive impairment and disease progression using autoantibodies as blood-based biomarkers. Alzheimer’s Dem. 2016;3:51–62.
- DeMarshall CA, Han M, Nagele EP, et al. Potential utility of autoantibodies as blood-based biomarkers for early detection and diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Immunol Let. 2015;168:80–88.
- Nagele EP, Han M, Acharya NK, DeMarshall CA, Kosciuk MC, Nagele RG. Natural IgG autoantibodies are abundant and ubiquitous in human sera, and their number is influenced by age, gender, and disease. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(4):e60726.
- DeMarshall CA, Sarkar A, Goldwaser E, Godsey G, Acharya NK, Nagele RG. Utility of autoantibodies as biomarkers for diagnosis and staging of neurodegenerative diseases. Internat Rev Neurobiol. 2015;122:1–51.
- Huang BFF, Boutros PC. The parameter sensitivity of random forests. BMC Bioinformatics. 2016;17:331.
- Nagele E, Han M, DeMarshall CA, Belinka B, Nagele R. Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease based on disease-specific autoantibody profiles in human sera. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(8):e23112.
- Han M, Nagele E, DeMarshall C, Acharya N, Nagele R. Diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease based on disease-specific autoantibody profiles in human sera. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(2):e32383.
- DeMarshall CA, Goldwaser EL, Sarkar A, et al. Autoantibodies as diagnostic biomarkers for the detection and subtyping of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2017;309:51–57.